How to handle multiple browser windows in Selenium?

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In Selenium, XPath is one of the most powerful locators to find elements on a webpage. XPath (XML Path Language) lets you navigate through elements and attributes in an XML/HTML document.

Great question 👍
In Selenium, web applications often open new browser windows or tabs (for example, after clicking a link or a button). To handle multiple windows, you use window handles.

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🔑 Key Concepts

• driver.window_handles → Returns a list of all open window handles (unique IDs for each window/tab).

• driver.current_window_handle → Returns the handle of the currently active window.

• driver.switch_to.window(handle) → Switches WebDriver’s focus to a specific window.

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📝 Step-by-Step Approach

1. Get the main window handle.

2. Perform the action that opens a new window/tab.

3. Get all window handles.

4. Switch control to the new window using switch_to.window().

5. Perform actions in the new window.

6. Switch back to the main window if needed.

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✅ Example in Python

from selenium import webdriver
import time

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://example.com")

# Step 1: Store the main window handle
main_window = driver.current_window_handle

# Step 2: Click something that opens a new window
driver.find_element("xpath", "//a[@id='openNewWindow']").click()

# Step 3: Get all window handles
all_windows = driver.window_handles

# Step 4: Switch to the new window
for handle in all_windows:
    if handle != main_window:
        driver.switch_to.window(handle)
        break

# Step 5: Perform actions in the new window
print("New window title:", driver.title)
driver.find_element("xpath", "//button[text()='Confirm']").click()
time.sleep(2)

# Step 6: Switch back to main window
driver.switch_to.window(main_window)
print("Back to main window:", driver.title)

driver.quit()

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⚡ Pro Tips

• Always store the main window handle before switching.

• Use driver.close() to close only the current window, or driver.quit() to close all.

• Some apps open tabs instead of windows—handling is the same.

• You can also loop through driver.window_handles if multiple child windows open.

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Would you like me to also show you how to handle pop-ups (alerts) along with multiple windows since they’re often confused in interviews?

Read More

How to locate elements using XPath in Selenium?

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